Therapeutic polysacchraides Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Therapeutic polysacchraides - Essay Example Apart from the fact that carbohydrates are energy bundles in the form of glucose, recent studies have identified several therapeutic benefits especially among the higher polysaccharides. This paper presents an overview of carbohydrate chemistry, chemical structures of different types of carbohydrates, benefits and some of the major functions. Therapeutic functions of polysaccharides are also a brief subject that is described in this paper. Simple sugars or the monosaccharides are the basic carbohydrates. These simple sugars combine to form disaccharides (2 simple sugars), oligosaccharides (2-10 simple sugars) and polysaccharides (more than ten simple sugars). All carbohydrates are either simple sugars or monosaccharides that join with each other to form more complex carbohydrates. Monosaccharides and Classification Monosaccharides are classified based on three categories. First classification is based of the number of carbon atoms present in the compound. Table 1: Monosaccharide clas sifications based on the number of carbons No. of Carbon Classification Example 3 Triose Dihydroxyacetone 4 Tetrose Erythrose 5 Pentose Ribose 6 Hexose Fructose 7 Heptose Sedoheptulose Monosaccharides are also classified based on the location of the carbonyl group and also based on the chirality of the carbohydrate (Zamora, 2011). Disaccharides These are sugars that contain two simple sugars. Some of the common disaccharides are sucrose, maltose and lactose. Sucrose Lactose Maltose The sugar that we use on a day-to-day basis is Sucrose and is made from sugarcane or sugar beets. It is also one of the main ingredients in turbinado sugar, brown sugar, and confectioner's sugar. Lactose is a combination of one molecule each of galactose and glucose. It is a main ingredient in milk. The result of consuming milk and other dairy products in the absence of lactase enzyme which is necessary for the absorption and digestion of lactose is that the undigested lactose moves into the large intesti ne and is acted up on by bacteria leading to gas formation and further diarrhoea (The Chemistry of Carbohydrates Found in Food, n.d.). In some people due to the lack of the enzyme lactase, a condition known as lactose intolerance occur and these people are allergic to milk and milk products. Maltose consists of two ?-D-glucose molecules with the alpha bond at carbon  1 of one molecule attached to the oxygen at carbon  4 of the second molecule. It is also possible that ?-D-glucose molecules connected through carbon number one in a 1?>1 linkage resulting in Trehalose on the other hand Cellobiose which is a tasteless disaccharide consisting of two ?-D-glucose molecules that have a 1?>4 linkage as in cellulose (Zamora, 2011). Oligosaccharides When two to the molecules of simple sugar combine, it forms oligosaccharide. Raffinose or melitose is one of the common oligosaccharide naturally found in legumes and cruciferous vegetables such as beans, peas, cabbage, brussels sprouts, and br occoli. It consists of galactose connected to sucrose via a 1?>6 glycosidic linkage. Raffinose The digestion of raffinose by human system is not possible and as a result, there can be problems such as gas trouble and bloating (Zamora, 2011). Polysaccharides Most of the vegetarian diet consist of polysaccharides and these are large group of complex carbohydrates with undetermined numbers of sugar molecules. In general most of the polysaccharides are insoluble in water but in the

Ice Wind-Dale by R.A Salvatore Essay -- English Literature

Ice Wind-Dale by R.A Salvatore A book I have read recently and enjoyed was "Ice Wind-Dale" by R.A Salvatore. I received this book as a present and was intimidated by its sheer size, but was blessed as it was the greatest book that I have ever read. It was the only book that has made me depressed because of finishing it and yet was still satisfied and not left wanting. Salvatore created the perfect setting, characters and plot to make the book so memorable. The plot is straight forward as the book is actually a trilogy, and so the story evolves from one book to the next. I will now take the three best features of this book being the setting, characters and plot explaining how it made the novel so incredibly complete. The first feature that I would like to discuss is the setting. "Ice Wind-Dale, a thousand square miles of barren broken tundra, has been described as one of the most unwelcoming lands in all the realms" Right at the start of the novel we are given a vivid picture of this province. This makes you feel more at home with the plot as we now understand the land our adventurers must traverse. Salvatore manages to emphasise this description by using subtle techniques like personification in the word "unwelcoming" and alliteration in the words "barren broken" This all adds to the completeness or wholeness of the novel. By creating the perfect setting you then enhance the plot therefore making the characters more memorable. This leads me to the next feature of the novel, the characters. "Drizzit du-urden trotted along silently, his soft low cut boots barely stirring the dust. He kept the cowl of his brown cloak pulled low over the flowing waves of his dark white hair and moved with such effortless grace that an onlooker... ...s of invaders with fiery eyes, watching as the battle was about was about to commence..." I remember it being about four o'clock in the morning when I read that excerpt. I simply could not put it down. It filled me with such suspense that by putting the book down at that point would have felt sinful. I had to read on. It is points like that in this novel that makes it so incredibly complete and satisfying. In conclusion R.A Salvatore created an extremely well crafted novel concentrating only on the features relevant to the story, these being the setting, characters and plot (unlike "Lord of the Rings" which is full of sub-plots and hidden themes). By focusing in on these features he makes the novel so satisfying that you are left sad to have finished it. "Ice Wind-Dale" is a work of art, in all one thousand and four pages of glory and I would recommend it to anyone.

The Precursors Of Today’s Engineers

The precursors of today’s engineers listed in the quotation from Wickenden had no classes and few or no books from which to learn scientific principles. How can you explain their success?William Wickenden remarks were direct to the facts that the first engineers were self though, geniuses in nature and well skill in technical aspects. Even without the formal scientific education they were able to engineer master creation such as the Roma’s aqueducts and others. Their success came from the ability of observation and trial and error and a hands-on in the manufacturing process of the era. 1-2. Compare how well engineering and management satisfy the several parts of the definition of a profession.The engineering profession involves the application of science and mathematics, practical training, experience and work-study to satisfy the human necessities. The management profession involve the way personnel are directed to a specific task or training. The Engineering managemen t profession combine both resulting in a profession that is oriented to brings together the technological problem-solving savvy of engineering and the organizational, administrative, and planning abilities. 1-3. Why is it so difficult to answer the simple question â€Å"How many engineers are there in the United States?† Is the question â€Å"How many physicians are there in the United States?† any? Easier?We can do an approximation of the engineer using the university graduation rate but due the long list of engineering field that doesn’t require state registration as a professional engineer is difficult establish the total engineering working force in the US. Contrary to the engineers the physician need to be register in the state that they are working and for that reason is easier to account for all physicians.Comment on the sensitivity of U.S. engineering employment to a major change in the Department of Defense budget. What types of engineers would be espec ially affected?Working in the department of defense NAVY, I can attest to the fact that reduction in the General funds of the Department of defense will reduce the MILCO projects and then a reduction in the civil engineering work force can be foreseeing.What are the similarities in the definitions of management quoted from authors of management textbooks? Do the definitions provided by business executives differ in any way? Synthesize your own definition of management.From this entire collection of quotes the common factor is the interaction and direction to the human factor that the manager need to performed to achieve the organization goals. All quotes have similar interpretation of management.The work of creating and maintaining environments in which people can accomplish goals efficiently and effectively (Albanese10)†¢ The process of achieving desired results through efficient utilization of human and material resources (Bedeian11) †¢ The process of reaching organizati onal goals by working with and through people and other organizational resources (Certo12) †¢ A set of activities (including planning and decision making, organizing, leading, and control- ling) directed at an organization’s resources (human, financial, physical, and information) with the aim of achieving organizational goals in an efficient and effective manner (Griffin13) †¢ The process by which managers create, direct, maintain, and operate purposive organizations through coordinated, cooperative human effort (McFarland14)†¢ The process of acquiring and combining human, financial, informational, and physical resources to attain the organization’s primary goal of producing a product or service desired by some segment of society (Pringle, Jennings, and Longnecker15)How does the job of supervisor or first-line manager differ from that of a higher-level manager?The first line manager can be call as the â€Å"do man† there are focus in the short ran ge operating plans governing what will be done tomorrow or next week, assign tasks to their workers, supervise the work that is done, and evaluate the performance of individual workers. The higher-level look the operation from 30, 000 feet about sea water overseeing the big picture of all process such as; financing, cost, and business development. 1-7. How does the job of a top manager differ from the jobs in the several levels of middle Management?As specified in the previous questions the top manager focus in the big picture of the organization performance or as they said the NAVY they don’t want to know what is in hot dog the tell me the total hot dogs that we have. Question that they focus, the goals are reached? the funding is in place, all requirements are meet? .Identify the three types of skills needed by an effective manager, as conceived by Robert L. Katz, and describe how the relative need for them might vary with the level of management.The three skills that Katz suggested that the Manager needs are technical, interpersonal and conceptual, He describe that the first line of manager need to have the technical skill due to the position in the lowest level where there are supervising technical personnel. It also mentions that the interpersonal skill is need in the lowest and higher level because the iteration with people. Finally the conceptual skill is inherent to the higher level manager were they need to see the broad picture of the industry that there are managing. 1-9. From the 10 managerial roles provided by Mintzberg, choose three or four that you consider most important for the first-line manager, and explain your selection. Repeat for middle-level and top managers.1. First-line manager: the manager require to be focus in the short range operating plans governing what will be done tomorrow or next week, assign tasks to their workers, supervise the work that is done, and evaluate the performance of individual workers. 2. Leader 3. The di sturbance allocator 4. The resources allocator2. Middle-level manager: They focus in the performance of the operation and served as the link between the lower and high management, The liaison The monitor role The disseminator The negotiator The resources allocator3. High level manager: they focus on overseeing the big picture of all process such as; financing, cost, and business development. The Figured head The spokesman The entrepreneurial 1-10. How would you distinguish between engineering management and management in general?Engineering management require a technical background and expertise in the area of work , the decision making need to be according with the fundamental of sciences and engineering including all cost analysis and life cycle analysis. the general management is oriented to the management of no technical resources such as clerical and no technical personnel. We can simplify saying that depending whom and what are going to be managed is the requirements of the ty pe of manager.

Loneliness And Pain With A Drizzle Of Mixed Emotions About...

Heartache and pain with a drizzle of mixed emotions about life as an independent woman is what Kate Chopin was confronted with and it is what she wrote about in her short stories. We are talking about a woman before her time that challenged all to see the world through representations of reality. She was able to see the world for what it was during a difficult time for people of color and women battling to have equal rights. Repeatedly, she wrote about death, exotic thoughts, superficial love and real life issues however, the stories she wrote often portrayed some form of the life events and struggles that she in fact faced herself. As a young girl Kate was exposed to, and witnessed many events that helped to influence her unique writing†¦show more content†¦But I know it isn’t true. I know he says that to please me. And mamma,† she added drawing on her mother’s head down to her, and whispers â€Å"he hasn’t punished one of them – not one o f them- since the baby was born (pg. 422423 American Literature.) In comparison this relates to Kate’s real life events with the region in which she lived, the social class of her real life husband and slavery. When Kate was nineteen she married Oscar Chopin whom was a successful cotton broker, and over the next ten years she and Oscar had children and this seemed to have brought joy to Kate and Oscar’s life. (pg. 420 American Literature) This seems to be a similar story line in both Desiree and Kate’s life. They both met and married a successful man, they both lived in Louisiana, have a child or children and seem to be happy. Even though Kate’s and Desiree’s story seem to take a different turn of events for a moment in time there are items that need to be brought to light. Kate brings the area of Louisiana to life when she describes the â€Å" the sad looking place, which had not known the gentle presence of a women and how the steep roof came do wn and looked like a cowl.† Big, solemn oaks that grew close to the house that shadowed the home like a pall (pg. 422 American Literature) Kate witnessed this area in great detail and she was able to make this portion of the story so believable that while reading this section, the vision is brought to life. If Kate had not observe the land ofShow MoreRelatedVampire Diaries61771 Words   |  248 Pagesnow. Stefan didnt say it, but Elena knew it was what he was thinking. She could see it in the way he stared at her. She had never been so sure of her power. Except that actually he didnt look as if he were having a good time; he looked stricken, in pain, as if he couldnt take one more minute of this. The band was starting up, a slow dance. He was still staring at her, drinking her in. Those green eyes darkening, going black with desire. She had the sudden feeling that he might jerk her to him andRead MoreThe Ballad of the Sad Cafe46714 Words   |  187 PagesSouthern town. . . A young boy learning the difficult lessons of manhood. . . A fateful encounter with his native land and former love. . . These are parts of the world of Carson McCullers -- a world of the lost, the injured, the eternal strangers at life s feast. Here are brilliant revelations of love and longing, bitter heartbreak and occasional happiness -- tales that probe the very heart of our lives. CARSON McCULLERS (1917-1967) When she was only twenty-three, Carson McCullers first novel